Ebook Being and Duty mobi,epub

tic logic (1968) Zdzisław Ziemba. Interpetation of deontic logic (1969) Zdzisław Najder. Imperativism (1971) Jerzy Kalinowski. Deontic logicians avant la lettre (1972) Zygmunt Ziembiński. Presuppositions of directives (1972) Kazimierz Opałek. Directives (1974) Zygmunt Ziembiński. Presuppositions of norms (1977). Eugeniusz Grodziński. Imperatives and performatives (1980) Jan Woleński. Adequacy of the logic of norms (1980) Władysław Wolter & Maria Lipczyńska. Norms and deontic logic (1980) Kazimierz Świrydowicz. Normative formula (1981) Jan Woleński. Deontic operators (1982) Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki. Formulating directives (1983) Jan Woleński. Semantics of norms (1983) Zdzisław Ziemba. The code of norms (1983) Maciej Zieliński & Zygmunt Ziembiński. The ontic status of norms (1988) Maciej Zieliński & Zygmunt Ziembiński. The logic of norms versus deontic logic (1988) Jerzy Kalinowski. The logic of norms (1990) Kazimierz Opałek. Normative formulas (1990) Maciej Zieliński. Methods of verbalizing norms (1992) Roman Laskowski. The category of a mood (1998) Bibliography Przypisy Cover design: MARIUSZ BANACHOWICZ Editing Team: PIOTR MICHAŁ GODLEWSKI, AEDDAN SHAW Layout: MIROSŁAW KRZYSZKOWSKI Typesetting: Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, MAGDALENA DZIĘGIELEWSKA The cover utilises a photograph of a fragment of S. Wyspiańskis stained glass window entitled "Bóg Ojciec - Stań się!" from the Franciscan Church in Krakow (C) Copyright by AF Raster (C) Copyright by Jacek Jadacki & Copernicus Center Press, 2013 ISBN 978-83-7886-055-6 Publikacja dofinansowana przez Uniwersytet Warszawski ze środków przekazanych przez Fundację na rzecz Nauki Polskiej w ramach programu Homing Plus Copernicus Center Press Sp. z pl. Szczepański 8, 31-011 Kraków (+48 12) 430 63 00 e-mail: Księgarnia internetowa: Konwersja: eLitera Foreword The book which the Reader has in front of them is composed of three parts. The first component analyses the creative contribution to the theory of imperatives and norms provided by Polish researchers in the 20th century. The second component summarizes their reflections and considerations. This constitutes the first half of the publication. The third part (and second half) is a compilation of the classic writings of Polish authors of the period and constitutes a practical illustration of the first half. The following comments are necessary here. The analysis - included in component one - was made via my own examination of the aforementioned intellectuals. Yet everything that I wrote was subsequently critically reviewed and commented upon by Professor Anna Brożek, whom I would sincerely like to thank as her comments prevented many of my mistakes. A certain unified net of ideas is proposed in the analysis. It allows for a comparison between different conceptions within the discussed matter - which were originally referred to under numerous different names. Part two - the summary - is firstly and foremostly the viewpoints of each researcher presented chronologically ( according to the date, when the researcher first spoke on the particular subject). Secondly, special attention is paid to these works which will not be found in component three. The selection - part three - should provide the Reader with a representative image of Polish thought in the 20th century, within the frames indicated in the publications title. What matters most are the issues of what is often called "philosophy of language". Texts presenting the original logical systems of imperatives and norms which were published in Poland in the 20th century did not find their way into the selection. One of the main reasons behind this is the fact that a comprehensive presentation of these systems would require the inclusion of the full texts in question. Those texts, usually of considerable, irreducible length, would disrupt the planned size of the book. 1. Preferential situation The simplest preferential situation - situation of willing - consists in the following: (1) The person A wants S[1] to occur. The person A is THE SUBJECT of the act of willing, and S is THE OBJECT of willing ( the preferred state of affairs). The following interrelation occurs: (2) A wants S to occur - when[2] - if S does not occur, then A will be dissatisfied. A more complex preferential situation than (1) is the following: (3) A wants B to cause the occurrence of S. B is here THE AGENT performing the (object) of willing. The preference from situation (3) is DIRECTED willing; in fact it is a particular case of situation (1). With directed acts of willing, the agent performing the act might be both the subject of the act or a different person. Formula (2) might be considered as a definition of "(non-directed) willing". o The complex of psychological phenomena culminating in the act of willing and leading to the action ( the act) was provisionally analysed by Borowski [1923]. He considered the initia